About

Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic, primarily used to reduce elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and intraocular pressure (IOP). As a sugar alcohol, it is freely filtered by the glomeruli, but poorly reabsorbed by the renal tubules, leading to an osmotic gradient that draws water from the body into the renal tubules, increasing urine output. This osmotic effect also extends to the brain, where it draws fluid from edematous brain tissue into the plasma, thereby reducing brain volume and ICP.

Administered intravenously, mannitol's rapid onset of action makes it suitable for acute management of cerebral edema and glaucoma. It also facilitates the excretion of toxic substances by increasing renal blood flow and urine volume. Careful monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial during its administration due to the potential for significant shifts.

Uses

Reduction of elevated intracranial pressure.
Reduction of intraocular pressure.
Promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances.
Adjunct in the treatment of cerebral edema.

Directions For Use

Administer intravenously under strict medical supervision.
Dosage is individualized based on patient condition and response.

Benefits

Rapidly reduces intracranial pressure.
Effectively lowers intraocular pressure.
Promotes diuresis and toxin excretion.
Useful in acute neurological emergencies.
Helps maintain renal function in certain situations.
Can be used as a diagnostic aid for renal function.

Side Effects

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Dehydration
Hypotension or hypertension
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Chills
Dizziness
Chest pain
Pulmonary congestion
Renal failure (rare, with high doses)
Allergic reactions

Safety Measures

Alcohol - No direct interaction with alcohol, but alcohol can contribute to dehydration, which mannitol also causes. Avoid concurrent use.
Pregnancy - Use only if clearly needed and potential benefits outweigh risks. Consult a physician. Limited human data available.
Breastfeeding - Unknown if excreted in breast milk. Exercise caution and consult a healthcare provider.
Liver - Generally safe in liver conditions, as it is primarily excreted renally. No specific dose adjustment needed for hepatic impairment.
Kidney - Contraindicated in severe renal disease with anuria. Use with extreme caution in patients with impaired renal function; monitor closely for fluid overload.
Lung - Use with caution in patients with severe pulmonary congestion or edema, as rapid fluid shifts can exacerbate these conditions.

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