About
Metformin is a widely prescribed oral antidiabetic medication from the biguanide class, considered a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in overweight and obese patients. Its primary mechanism of action involves reducing hepatic glucose production, mainly by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. Additionally, Metformin enhances insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, leading to increased glucose uptake and utilization. It also decreases glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Unlike sulfonylureas, Metformin does not stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas, which means it rarely causes hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy. This unique profile contributes to its favorable safety record regarding hypoglycemic events. Beyond glycemic control, Metformin has been associated with modest weight loss or weight neutrality and potential cardiovascular benefits, making it a cornerstone in the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes.
Uses
- Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- To improve glycemic control.
- Often used as first-line therapy.
- May be used in combination with other antidiabetic agents or insulin.
Directions For Use
Take with or after meals to reduce gastrointestinal side effects. Follow your doctor's dosing instructions.
Benefits
- Effective in lowering blood glucose.
- Does not typically cause weight gain.
- Low risk of hypoglycemia when used alone.
- May have cardiovascular benefits.
- Improves insulin sensitivity.
- Well-established and widely used.
Side Effects
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Metallic taste
- Anorexia (loss of appetite)
- Flatulence
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Lactic acidosis (rare, serious)
- Vitamin B12 deficiency (long-term use)
- Skin rash (rare)
Safety Measures
- Alcohol - Avoid excessive alcohol consumption as it can increase the risk of lactic acidosis.
- Pregnancy - Use during pregnancy should be carefully considered; consult a doctor. Insulin is often preferred.
- Breastfeeding - Generally considered safe for breastfeeding, but consult a doctor. Small amounts pass into breast milk.
- Liver - Contraindicated in severe liver impairment due to increased risk of lactic acidosis.
- Kidney - Contraindicated in severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m²) due to increased risk of lactic acidosis. Dose adjustment needed for moderate impairment.
- Lung - Use with caution in severe respiratory conditions that may predispose to hypoxia and lactic acidosis.
Disclaimer
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Always consult your doctor for any medical concerns, and discuss your questions about health conditions or medications with a qualified healthcare professional. Do not ignore or delay seeking professional medical advice based on information found on Med E Hub.
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